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E-commerce An Introduction Essay In the broadest sense, electronic commerce (e-commerce), is the buying and selling of products and services over the Internet. It has included the handling of purchase transactions and funds transfers over computer networks. According to the Forrester Research Study Sizing Intercompany Commerce, total U.S business-to-business Internet trade in 1998 is $7.7 billion, compared to a total global e-commerce of $21.8 billion, dramatically increasing from $2.5 billion in 1997. By the year 2002, according to the report, there will be $328 billion worth of e-commerce. Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)Electronic commerce is the ability to perform transactions involving the exchange or use of goods or services between two or more parties using electronic tools and techniques Some main technologies have made e-commerce viable WWW, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) and E-mail. EDI is the inter-organisational, computer-to-computer exchange of business documentation in a standard, machine-processable format. EFT was designed to optimise electronic payments with electronically provided remittance information. Electronic commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products and information via telephone lines, computer networks, and other electronic means. The Internet, the largest network of computer networks, is the medium usually favoured for electronic commerce because it allows an organisation to cut service costs while increasing the speed of service delivery. Electronic commerce is considered a primary means by which organisations may expand rapidly into high growth emerging markets of the world. This is possible because, firstly as trans-national companies become skilled in their use of the Internet, they will be able to pursue global electronic commerce more efficiently, saving important advertising, communication, and administrative costs. Secondly, the Internet can increase responsiveness by notifying individual customers when new products in their areas of interest become available and by creating customised products and services. Thirdly and finally, trans-national companies using the Internet can increase their knowledge about consumer habits, be able to define trends, and turn consumer statistics into long-term customer relationships. Electronic Commerce ActivitiesElectronic commerce endeavours to improve the execution of business transactions over various networks. Transactions are exchanges that occur when one economic entity sells a product or service to another entity. A transaction takes place when a product or service is transferred across a technologically separable interface that links a consumer (buyer) with a producer (seller). When the buyer/seller transactions occur in the electronic marketplace, information is accessed, absorbed, arranged, and sold in different ways. There are four main categories where business transactions take place Business to Business (B2B), Business to Customer (B2C), Business to Administration and Consumer to Administration. An example in the B2B category would be a company that uses a network for ordering from its suppliers, receiving invoices and making payments. This category of electronic commerce has been well established for several years. The B2C category largely equates to electronic retailing. This category has expanded greatly with the advent of the World Wide Web. There are now shopping malls all over the Internet offering all manners of consumer goods, from cakes and wine to computers and motor cars. The business administration category covers all transactions between companies and government organisations. For example, in the USA the details of forthcoming government procurements are publicised over the Internet and companies can respond electronically. Currently this category is in its infancy, but it could expand quite rapidly as governments use their own operations to promote awareness and growth of electronic commerce. In addition to public procurement, administrations may also offer the option of electronic interchange for such transactions as VAT returns and the payment of corporate taxes. The consumer administration category is just emerging, in the wake of a growth of both the business consumer and business administration categories; governments may extend electronic interaction to such areas as welfare payments and self-assessed tax returns. B2B e-commerce was born out of an attempt to solve an administrative problem. It developed a new computer standard to handle these needs, which became known as EDI, Electronic Data Interchange. Today its descendant, XML, a lighter, simpler data interchange standard is used by B2B sites. Simple e-commerce sites first appeared in 1992. The early e-commerce sites were virtual catalogues, simply listing products for sale. Ordering was off-line, through e-mail, phone or fax. By 1996 the technology had advanced greatly to produce virtual stores with shopping carts, client accounts and, with the development of protocols such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), enabled customers to order and pay for their purchase on-line directly by credit card. E-commerce quickly became popular with consumers and suppliers. For customers, it was fast, easy and efficient, allowing them to compare products, price and service before purchase. For suppliers, it allowed them to reach an unlimited international audience, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at reduced costs. Today e-commerce is widely used and growing fast. B2B is the largest, fastest growing and most profitable market. According to IDC, this year, it is expected to account for two thirds of world wide e-commerce. B2C is also expected to grow, boosted by Broadband (high-speed) Internet access to more on-line households. Future advances include digital money and e-wallets, and personal agents that help users find what they are looking for. Sites can work with fulfilment centres providing customers with excellent service and suppliers with information, and can support the newest trend for human interaction in e-commerce customer service. The Internet is creating unprecedented and seeming infinite opportunities for both customers and businesses. Yet it one of its major problems is that it is changing so fast that both parties are overwhelmed by the speed of change and the sheer number of choices available to them. In addition web businesses win by following rules quite different than those which traditional businesses may follow. E-commerce appears to be exempt from the kinds of constraints that have limited companies historically. An e-commerce environment handled in a proper manner, with the right customisation of products and services, in innovative ways, can lead to win-win situations. The customers can get the right product at the right time and for the right price, companies can set new standards in efficiency and profitability. E-commerce activities can be broken down into the following areas: Searching and AdvertisingBusinesses list their products or services on their WebPages. Potential users browsing electronic catalogues on a network. Software agents searching on behalf of one or more users. Users specify the product or services required with electronic requests. NegotiatingBuyers and sellers may elect to negotiate the terms of a transaction, such as the terms of exchange and payment. These terms may cover right to copy, copyright or license agreements, usage rights, distribution right, refund policies, and terms or payment. OrderingThe buyer issues a contractual agreement of the terms of exchange, or usage, and payment. This contractual agreement is generally issued as an order, which sets forth the price and other terms of the transaction. The order may be verbal, in writing, or electronic. This agreement can be confirmed electronically through cryptographic techniques such as digital signatures. BillingA bill can be sent to the buyer, either before delivery of the product or service, with the delivery, or after the delivery. The bill generally includes remittance information-who, where and how to pay, which can be obtained by having the user complete order or request forms. Payment and SettlementThe buyer sends some form of electronic payment, Visa card or some other form of credit card. This could be some form of contract or obligation, such as authenticated payment instructions, or the actual transfer of value, such as digital cash. It is usually sent along with some remittance information to the seller. This payment may occur for a single item, or on a usage basis, or with a single payment for multiple items or usage. Settlement occurs when the payment and remittance information are analysed by the seller or the sellers agent and accepted as valid and then an actual transfer of funds is accomplished. ProductionElectronic commerce does not completely address collaborative design and manufacturing activities, although they do share many of the same sorts of activities. Collaborative design and manufacturing could decompose to hundreds of speciality firms that meet, negotiate and contract with each other over the network, which they would then use to purchase, sell, distribute, and assemble the various components that make up a product or service. Companies such as Dell Computers are now offering a facility whereby the customer can design their end product, in this case a personnel computer, over the Internet. Passion for My Family EssayAccording to a survey done by the Pew Foundation, 42 million Americans accessed federal regulations through the internet in 2001, and 23 million Americans commented on proposed rules, regulations, and policies. Furthermore, according to National Archives, in year 2001, Americans retrieved more than 65 million documents from the online Federal Register . This data shows that a significant number of Americans are already actively participating in the E-rulemaking process. Nevertheless, there is concern that E-rulemaking, instead of equalizing access to the rulemaking process, will create an even greater participation bias between people of different income level, educational background, gender, or race. It is important to keep in mind that since one cannot take advantage of E-rulemaking unless one has access to internet, an analysis of internet access rate for people of different income level, educational background, gender, or race will be necessary to shed light on this subject. Such analysis shows that as of February 3rd, 2005, there are 199,861,345 internet users in the United States, or 68.8% of the population. In comparison, the internet usage rate was 62% of the population back in 2001. In other words, approximately seven out of every ten Americans have access to internet today and this number is continuing to grow. Despite these positive facts, not all sectors of society have equal access to the internet. This begs the question; does the rich have significantly more access to E-rulemaking than the poor? In answer, we must take a look at internet access rate difference between different income classes. When we do so, it is easy to see that there is an undisputable correlation between income level and internet access rate. Data from 2001 (Family Income/internet access rate) i.$75,000 + (82.1%)ii.$50,000 $74,999 (69.2%)iii.$30,000 $49,999 (54.5%)iv.$15,000 $29,999 (35%)v.